Winter Ozone AQ Modeling Results
Approach
The WAQS modelers conducted a CAMx simulation with the new winter meteorology (and additional improvements to the way CAMx simulates snow albedo and chemistry). The changes to the meteorology did little to improve the CAMx under predictions of high wintertime ozone. Using insights from top down modeling and observational campaigns in Intermountain West oil and gas basins, the WAQS team developed a brute force oil and gas emissions sensitivity to test the hypothesis that our simulations underpredict VOC emissions and overpredict NOx emissions from oil and gas sources. The second winter O3 sensitivity used the same meteorology inputs as the winter meteorology simulation and included the following adjustments to the emissions from oil and gas sources (both area and point): 2x VOCs, 10x formaldehyde, and 0.5x NOx. While the emissions perturbation produced improvements at some monitoring locations at some times, there were still high ozone events that were badly underpredicted by the model.
The final CAMx sensitivity simulation conducted by the WAQS modelers was designed to test the hypothesis that there was still to much dilution in the surface layer of the model. The winter ozone layer sensitivity used the adjusted oil and gas emissions and the WRF winter meteorology. The WAQS modelers adjusted the WRFCAMx processor to use the same vertical layer structure as WRF within the first 6 model layers. In all of the previous simulations (base, winter met, oil and gas emissions) the first 6 WRF layers were collapsed into the 3 CAMx layers such that WRF layers 1+2 = CAMx layer 1, WRF layers 3+4 = CAMx layer 2, and WRF layers 5+6 = CAMx layer 3. This collapsing roughly amounted to 12 m deep WRF layers being collapsed to 24 m deep CAMx layers. In the vertical mixing sensitivity the WRF vertical layer structure was preserved for the first 6 layers resulting in 28 layer CAMx meteorology (compared to 25 layer meteorology in the previous runs). Note that there was still layer collapsing applied above the first 6 WRF layers.
Simulation Summary:
Base Simulation (Base11a)
Simulation ID: CAMx_3SAQS04_B11a
Modeling Period: February 1-March 31, 2011
Analysis Domain: 4-km
Meteorology Sensitivity (WinterO3)
Simulation ID: CAMx_3SAQS04_B11a_WinterO3
Met: WRF Winter + WRFCAMx Snow 25 layers
Emissions: Same as CAMx_3SAQS04_B11a
Oil and Gas Emissions Sensitivity (OG_Emis)
Simulation ID: CAMx_3SAQS04_B11a_WinterO3_OG_Emis
Met: Same as CAMx_3SAQS04_B11a_WinterO3
Emissions: 2x O&G VOC, 10x O&G HCHO, 0.5x O&G NOx adjustments to CAMx_3SAQS04_B11a
Vertical Transport Sensitivity (Layers)
Simulation ID: CAMx_3SAQS04_B11a_WinterO3_OG_Emis_Layers
Met: WRF Winter + WRFCAMx Snow 28 layers (no collapsing in layers 1-6)
Emissions: Same as CAMx_3SAQS04_B11a_WinterO3_OG_Emis
Results
Performance Summaries
The tables below present performance statistics averaged across all sites and all days for the months of February and March 2011. The header for each table lists the applicable monitoring network and pollutant. The networks presented here all include oil and gas development areas, although some of the networks (UGWOS and Uintah Basin) are more selective of only oil and gas development locations than others (AQS).
AQS Hourly O3 sites in the 4-km Domain
AQS Hourly NO2 sites in the 4-km Domain
Upper Green River Basin, WY Hourly O3 sites
Upper Green River Basin, WY Hourly NO2 sites
Uintah Basin, UT Hourly O3 sites
Q-Q Plots
In traditional Quantile-Quantile (Q-Q) plots two probability distributions are plotted against each other. This concept is modified here for air quality data by plotting two concentration distribution against (model vs obs) each other. In the Q-Q plots below all of the observations and model results for a given time period and set of locations are matched and then unpaired and sorted from low to high concentrations. These plots highlight the skill of the model at simulating the range of observed concentrations.
Hourly O3 at AQS Sites: February-March 2011 (units=ppb)
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Timeseries Analysis
Summaries
Hourly O3 at AQS Sites: February-March 2011 (units=ppb)
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Emissions Adjustments Notes
Published O&G Basin Emission Adjustment Factors
Upper Green River Basin CAMx Analysis
Monthly Average Concentrations
Monitoring Maps
Appendix
Uintah Basin Winter Ozone Study
These sites only measured ozone and meteorology parameters
